{"id":2899,"date":"2018-07-23T15:45:22","date_gmt":"2018-07-23T12:45:22","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/taqadom.aspdkw.com\/?p=2899"},"modified":"2026-02-01T08:57:50","modified_gmt":"2026-02-01T08:57:50","slug":"%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ba%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b3%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%91","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.aspdkw.com\/en\/taqaddum\/%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a3%d8%ba%d8%b4%d9%8a%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b1%d9%82%d9%8a%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a5%d8%a8%d8%ad%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%81%d9%8a-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ac%d8%b3%d9%85-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b5%d9%91\/","title":{"rendered":"\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0628"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 solid state \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0628 crystal structure \u0647\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0643\u062a\u0651\u0644\u062a \u0628\u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0648\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0651\u0628\u062a \u062d\u062a\u0651\u0649 \u0627\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0651\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u064a \u0647\u064a \u0639\u0644\u064a\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0646\u060c \u0644\u0643\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0635\u0648\u0631 \u063a\u064a\u0631 \u0635\u062d\u064a\u062d \u0623\u0628\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0623\u0646 \u0646\u0628\u064a\u0651\u0646 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0623\u0645\u0648\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u0627\u0647\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0628<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0628 \u0628\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0623\u0645\u0643\u0646\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0651\u062e\u0630 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0651\u0629\u064b \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 lattice cells \u0648\u0636\u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0630\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 atomic planes \u0645\u062a\u062a\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0635\u0646\u0641\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n

1 – \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 Fundamental types of lattice:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0648\u0632\u0651\u0639 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0628 \u0648\u0641\u0642 \u0633\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0641\u0631\u0651\u0639 \u0639\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0639\u0634\u0631 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n

> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 Triclinic system: \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f \u0641\u0642\u0637.<\/p>\n

> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u062d\u0627\u062f\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644 Monoclinic system: \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u064a\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 Orthorhombic system: \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0623\u0631\u0628\u0639\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>\n

> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0639\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0626\u0645 Tetragonal system: \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0643\u0644\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0627\u0646.<\/p>\n

> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0643\u0639\u0628\u064a Cubic system: \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u0629 \u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644.<\/p>\n

> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a \u061f\u061f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0644: Trigonal system: \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n

> \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0638\u0627\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0651\u062f\u0627\u0633\u064a: Hexagonal system: \u0648\u0644\u0647 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0648\u0627\u062d\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0627\u062a ( \u03b1\u060c \u03b2\u060c \u03b3) \u0627\u0644\u0632\u0648\u0627\u064a\u0627 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629 a1,a2,a3 \u0644\u0643\u0644 \u0646\u0645\u0637 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0645\u0627\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062a\u062a\u062e\u0630 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0648\u062c\u0632\u064a\u0626\u0627\u062a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0643\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0643\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0645\u0627\u0644\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0630\u0627 \u062a\u0639\u0645\u0651\u0642\u0646\u0627 \u0642\u0644\u064a\u0644\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0628\u0643\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u062c\u062f\u0646\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u062a\u0638\u0627\u0645\u0627\u064b \u0646\u0645\u0637\u064a\u0651\u0627\u064b \u0645\u062a\u0643\u0631\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0647\u0648:<\/p>\n

2 – \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0631\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 Crystal planes:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0631\u064a \u064a\u0639\u0628\u0651\u0631 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0639\u0646 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u0645\u0648\u0627\u0636\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0651\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0627\u0648\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0626\u064a\u0633\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0633\u0627\u0642\u0637 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0644\u064a\u0633\u062a \u062e\u0637\u0651\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 a1,a2,a3\u060c \u062b\u0645 \u0646\u0623\u062e\u0630 \u0645\u0642\u0644\u0648\u0628 \u0643\u0644 \u0642\u064a\u0645\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0647\u0648 (h k l) \u0648\u062a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u064a\u0645 \u0628\u0640 \u0642\u0631\u0627\u0626\u0646 \u0645\u064a\u0644\u0631 William Hallowes Miller.<\/p>\n

\u0641\u064a \u062d\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631\u060c \u0625\u0646 \u062a\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062f \u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0642\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0644\u064a\u0633 \u0623\u0645\u0631\u0627\u064b \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0641\u062d\u0633\u0628\u060c \u0628\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642 \u0628\u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u0635\u0641\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u0639\u0644\u0651\u0642\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u062a\u062c\u0627\u0647\u0627\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a. \u0648\u0645\u0646 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635: \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0635\u0627\u0626\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0641\u0627\u0630\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0642\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u064a\u0643\u0627\u0646\u064a\u0643\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 Thin Film<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0647\u0648 \u0637\u0628\u0642\u0629 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 (\u063a\u0627\u0644\u0628\u0627\u064b \u0623\u0643\u0633\u064a\u062f \u0623\u0648 \u0646\u062a\u0631\u064a\u062f ) \u062a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0633\u0637\u062d (\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0632\u0629 Target) \u0628\u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629. \u064a\u0639\u0648\u062f \u062a\u0627\u0631\u064a\u062e \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0641\u0643\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0644\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a electrodepositing\u060c \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0642\u0648\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0637\u0644\u0627\u0621 \u0623\u0648 \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u062f \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0646\u0642\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062d\u0644\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062a\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062b\u0645 \u062a\u0637\u0648\u0631\u062a \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u062a\u0635\u0628\u062d \u0623\u062d\u062f\u062b \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0647\u0646\u062f\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f. \u0648\u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0639\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645 \u0628\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0645\u0646 \u0637\u0631\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627: \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0632\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0644\u064a\u0632\u0631. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0634\u064a\u0648\u0639\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0628\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a\u0647 \u062a\u0645\u0631 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642 \u0639\u0628\u0631 \u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0647\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a PVD Sputtering:<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u062a\u062a\u0645\u062b\u0644 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0627\u062d\u0644 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0645 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062d\u0643\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0642 \u062a\u062d\u062a \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b. \u0648\u064a\u0648\u062c\u062f \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 ( chamber ): \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0639\u062f\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0630\u0627\u062a \u062c\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0646 \u0645\u0639\u0632\u0648\u0644\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0645\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0627\u0636 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u0649 \u064a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0631\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631: \u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0646\u0638\u0645\u0629 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062d\u0635\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0641\u064a:<\/strong><\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 DC DC Magntron: \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0631\u063a\u0629 \u0642\u0627\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0645\u064a\u0643\u0631\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0635\u063a\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u062a\u0631\u0627\u0648\u062d \u0628\u064a\u0646 ( 30-1 \u0633\u0646\u062a\u064a\u0645\u062a\u0631\u0627) \u0630\u0627\u062a \u0637\u0627\u0642\u0629 \u0639\u0627\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u0644\u063a \u0645\u064a\u063a\u0627 \u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 \u0641\u0648\u0644\u062a. \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 DC \u064a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u0625\u0644\u0649 \u062c\u0647\u062f \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0645\u063a\u0646\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646 RF: Radio Frequency Magnitron: \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0645\u062a\u062e\u0635\u0635 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0628\u0642\u062f\u0631\u062a\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u0648\u0644\u064a\u062f \u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0631\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0635\u0631\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0636\u0648\u0626\u064a\u0627\u062a.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a electrical arc: \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u0647 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0639\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u062f\u0627\u064b \u0648\u062c\u0647\u062f \u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636. \u0648\u062a\u0646\u0627\u0633\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0633 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0639\u0627\u062f\u0646 \u0628\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0623\u0646\u0648\u0627\u0639\u0647\u0627.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0647\u062f\u0641 Target: \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u062a\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0628\u0648\u062d\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0628\u062e\u064a\u0631 \u0648\u062a\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0627\u0644\u0628\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062a\u0633\u0631\u0639 \u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0627\u062b\u0648\u062f \u0628\u0627\u062a\u0651\u062c\u0627\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u062f\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0642\u0635\u0641 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0646\u0633\u064a\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627 \u0628\u0630\u0631\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0644\u062a\u062a\u0631\u0633\u0628 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629: \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0631\u0627\u062f \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u0633\u062a\u0646\u062f \u0625\u0644\u0649 \u0642\u0627\u0639\u062f\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u0643\u0648\u0646 \u0645\u0646 \u062d\u0627\u0645\u0644 \u064a\u0633\u0645\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0632\u0629 \u064a\u062a\u0645\u0648\u0636\u0639 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0646\u0648\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0646\u0627\u0644\u0643 \u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u062f\u0648\u0651\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u062a\u062a\u062d\u0631\u0643 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0623\u062b\u0646\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0631\u0643\u0627\u0626\u0632 \u062b\u0627\u0628\u062a\u0629.<\/p>\n

– \u0645\u0646\u0628\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632: \u0648\u0647\u0648 \u0639\u0628\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0639\u0646 \u0623\u0646\u0628\u0648\u0628 \u0645\u0648\u0635\u0648\u0644 \u0628\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0635\u0644 \u0628\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0633\u0637\u0648\u0627\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a ( valves): \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0646\u0642\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0627\u0632\u0646 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644 \u0645\u0646\u0638\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0647\u0630\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0645\u0651\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629\u060c \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0645\u0631\u0648\u0631 \u062a\u064a\u0627\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

– \u0627\u0644\u0633\u062e\u0627\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u064a Thermal heater: \u064a\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u0639\u0646\u062f \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0627\u062c\u0629 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0646\u0648\u0639 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0645\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u062f\u0631\u062c\u0629 \u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u063a\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0645\u0646 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

– \u0644\u0648\u062d\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u062d\u0643\u0645 ( Control panel): \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0636\u0628\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0639\u062f\u0627\u062f\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0647\u0631\u0628\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0622\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0648\u0628\u0631\u0645\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u0643\u0644 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0645\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0651\u0628\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628<\/p>\n

– \u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0627\u062a: \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0647\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0646\u0631\u063a\u0628 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u063a\u0644\u064a\u0641\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062a\u062d\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0644\u062a\u062d\u0636\u064a\u0631 \u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u062a\u0644\u062e\u064a\u0635\u0647 \u0628\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0633\u0637\u062d \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0651\u0646\u0629 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062a\u0642\u0646\u064a\u0627\u062a \u0639\u062f\u0629\u060c \u0645\u0646\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0646\u0638\u064a\u0641 \u0628\u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u062c\u0627\u062a \u0641\u0648\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0648\u062a\u064a\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0651\u062d\u0641\u064a\u0632 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a \u0644\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n

– \u062a\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u062d\u062c\u0631\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0627\u0632\u0645\u0627: \u0625\u0630 \u0625\u0646\u0651 \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628 \u062a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0645\u0646\u062e\u0641\u0636 \u062c\u062f\u0651\u0627\u064b\u060c \u0648\u064a\u062c\u0628 \u0645\u0646\u0639 \u0623\u064a \u062a\u0623\u062b\u064a\u0631 \u0644\u0639\u0646\u0627\u0635\u0631 \u0623\u062e\u0631\u0649 \u0641\u064a \u0639\u0645\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628\u060c \u0648\u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0645\u0631 \u064a\u062a\u0637\u0644\u0628 \u062f\u0642\u0629 \u0648\u062d\u0631\u0635\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0623\u0645\u064a\u0646\u0647 \u0644\u062d\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0629 \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0631\u0637.<\/p>\n

– \u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629: \u0648\u0647\u064a \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0633\u0648\u0627\u0621 \u0643\u0627\u0646\u062a \u0645\u0648\u0627\u062f \u0635\u0644\u0628\u0629 \u0623\u0648 \u063a\u0627\u0632\u064a\u0651\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0648\u0641\u064a\u0631 \u0634\u0631\u0648\u0637 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628: \u0648\u0647\u064a \u062a\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641 \u0628\u062d\u0633\u0628 \u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0644\u0627\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0637\u0644\u0648\u0628\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0636\u063a\u0637 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0627\u0631\u0629 \u0648\u0637\u0628\u064a\u0639\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u0631\u0643\u0629 \u0648\u0632\u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

– \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629: \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0645\u062c\u0645\u0648\u0639\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0627 \u064a\u0623\u062a\u064a:<\/p>\n

\u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621: \u062a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0639\u0627\u0645\u0644\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u064a\u0627 \u0641\u064a \u062c\u0648\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c\u060c \u0648\u064a\u0645\u0643\u0646 \u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0645\u0642\u064a\u0627\u0633 \u0633\u0645\u0627\u0643\u0629 \u0645\u0631\u062a\u0628\u0637 \u0628\u0645\u062d\u0637\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0631\u0633\u064a\u0628.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u062c\u0651\u0647 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0651\u0648\u0631\u064a \u0644\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621: \u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0630\u0644\u0643 \u0628\u0637\u0631\u0642 \u0639\u062f\u0629 \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0629\u060c \u062d\u064a\u062b \u062a\u0639\u0631\u0636 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0629 X \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u0627\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0634\u0639\u0651\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u064a\u0646\u064a\u0651\u0629\u060c \u0644\u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0637\u064a\u0641\u0627\u064b \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0633\u062a\u0648\u064a\u0627\u062a.\u0648\u064a\u062a\u0645 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u062a\u062c \u0628\u0637\u064a\u0641 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0646\u0629 \u064a\u0639\u062a\u0645\u062f \u0623\u0633\u0627\u0633\u0627\u064b \u0641\u064a \u0636\u0628\u0637\u0647 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u062a\u062d\u0642\u0642 \u0642\u0627\u0646\u0648\u0646 \u0628\u0631\u0627\u063a \u0627\u0644\u0634\u0647\u064a\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0627\u0646\u0639\u0631\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a.<\/p>\n

\u062a\u0631\u0643\u064a\u0628 \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621: \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u0633\u062d (SEM) \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u062c\u0647\u0627\u0632 \u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0644\u0645\u0639\u0631\u0641\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0633\u0628\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0626\u0648\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0644\u0645\u0643\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u063a\u0634\u0627\u0621 \u0648\u0627\u0644\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0628\u0644\u0648\u0631\u064a. \u0648\u064a\u0639\u062a\u0628\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0627\u0641\u0630 (TEM) \u0623\u062d\u062f \u0623\u0641\u0636\u0644 \u0623\u062c\u0647\u0632\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0648\u0635\u064a\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u062d\u062f\u064a\u062b\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644 \u0642\u062f\u0631\u0629 \u062d\u0632\u0645\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u0627\u062a \u0641\u064a \u0647\u0630\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0627\u062e\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0642 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0648\u0631\u0633\u0645 \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u0645\u0641\u0635\u0644\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062f\u0627\u062e\u0644\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0639\u064a\u0646\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062f\u0631\u0648\u0633\u0629.<\/p>\n

\u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d: \u064a\u0639\u0637\u064a \u0645\u062c\u0647\u0631 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0648\u0649 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0644\u0643\u062a\u0631\u0648\u0646\u064a (AFM) \u0635\u0648\u0631\u0629 \u062b\u0644\u0627\u062b\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u0628\u0639\u0627\u062f \u0639\u0646 \u0634\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0633\u0637\u062d.<\/p>\n

\u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a: \u064a\u0642\u0635\u062f \u0628\u0647 \u062a\u063a\u064a\u0651\u0631 \u062e\u0648\u0627\u0635 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0629 \u0646\u062a\u064a\u062c\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0641\u0627\u0639\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0651\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u062f\u0631\u0627\u0633\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u0622\u0643\u0644 \u0623\u0647\u0645\u064a\u0651\u0629 \u0643\u0628\u064a\u0631\u0629 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0635\u0645\u064a\u0645 \u0648\u0625\u0646\u062a\u0627\u062c \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0651\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629\u060c \u0641\u0645\u0646 \u062e\u0644\u0627\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0646\u062a\u0639\u0631\u0641 \u0623\u0643\u062b\u0631 \u0639\u0644\u0649 \u0645\u0642\u0627\u0648\u0645\u0629 \u062a\u0644\u0643 \u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0644\u0644\u0638\u0631\u0648\u0641 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u064a\u0645\u064a\u0627\u0626\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062e\u062a\u0644\u0641\u0629.<\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0644\u0637\u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627 \u0623\u0633\u0631\u062a\u0646\u0627 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0641\u064a \u062a\u0646\u0648\u0639\u0647\u0627 \u0648\u062a\u0641\u0631\u062f\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u0641\u064a \u062a\u0645\u064a\u0632 \u0643\u0644 \u0628\u0627\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0628\u0648\u0627\u0628\u0647\u0627\u060c \u0648\u062f\u062e\u0648\u0644\u0647\u0627 \u0645\u0639\u0638\u0645 \u0645\u062c\u0627\u0644\u0627\u062a \u0627\u0644\u062d\u064a\u0627\u0629. \u0648\u0639\u0644\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0628 \u0645\u0646 \u0623\u0647\u0645 \u0648\u0623\u0642\u062f\u0645 \u0639\u0644\u0648\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0641\u064a\u0632\u064a\u0627\u0621 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u062a\u062c\u062f\u0651\u062f\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062a\u064a \u0645\u0627\u0632\u0627\u0644\u062a \u062a\u062b\u0631\u064a \u0645\u064a\u0627\u062f\u064a\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0646\u0642\u0627\u0634 \u062d\u0648\u0644 \u0627\u0633\u062a\u062e\u062f\u0627\u0645\u0627\u062a\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0639\u062f\u064a\u062f\u0629 \u0648\u0645\u0632\u0627\u064a\u0627\u0647\u0627 \u0627\u0644\u0643\u062b\u064a\u0631\u0629. \u0648\u0644\u0631\u0628\u0645\u0627 \u064a\u062a\u062e\u064a\u0651\u0644 \u0627\u0644\u0642\u0627\u0631\u0626 \u0644\u0645\u0635\u0637\u0644\u062d \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0644\u0628 solid state \u0623\u0646\u0651 \u0628\u0646\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0628 crystal structure \u0647\u064a \u0643\u062a\u0644\u0629 \u0645\u0635\u0645\u062a\u0629 \u0645\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0645\u0627\u062f\u0651\u0629 …<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3129590,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1234],"tags":[1038,1118],"class_list":["post-2899","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-taqaddum","tag-website_taqadom","tag-1118"],"yoast_head":"\n\u0627\u0644\u0623\u063a\u0634\u064a\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0631\u0642\u064a\u0642\u0629 \u0627\u0644\u0625\u0628\u062d\u0627\u0631 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0633\u0645 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0651\u0644\u0628 -<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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